Principles and operations in surveying

 Principles of Surveying

The fundamental principles upon which the surveying is being carried out are

• working from whole to part.
• after deciding the position of any point, its reference must be kept from at least two permanent objects or stations whose position have already been well defined.

The purpose of working from whole to part is

• to localise the errors and

• to control the accumulation of errors.

Operations in surveying

Operations in surveying consists of :

• Planning

• Field Observation

• Office Works

• Setting out Works

Planning:

To decide

•  the methods to be adopted for surveying;

•  the resources (instruments & personnel) to be used; 

•  the control points / stations to be used ( those already available and/ or to set up).

The planning operation needs a-priori field visit and this is known as reconnaissance.

Field Observation:

It involves

•  Collection of field data by making necessary measurements; 

Before starting any field observation, the permanent adjustments of all the instruments need to be checked thoroughly by trained personnel and if required, it must be adjusted.

Office Works:

It involves

•  Processing, analysing and calculation of observed data;

•  Preparation of necessary data (for making plan or map of the area);

•  Making of a plan or map of the area; 

•  Computation of relevant field parameters as per design for setting out engineering works at site.

Setting out works:

To locate and establish different parameters/dimensions at the site as per design for further engineering works.