The purpose of a building is to provide security as well as shelter. Other objectives such as buildings mainly serve the weather, security, living space, privacy, supply of goods, power supply and many needs of society for comfortable living and working.
Building or housing is
the most basic need for mankind. It gives us shelter. When we see or hear the
word "building", we only imagine that a building is tall and has
roofs, walls, rooms, etc. However, in the broader sense and prespective, the
definition of a building is structurally constructive based on bricks, sand, cement,
water, concrete, metal etc.
What is a building?
A building is a type of
structure that is constructed with materials and includes foundations, plinths,
walls, floors, ceilings, chimneys, plumbing and building services, fixed platforms,
verandas, balconies, cornices or projection, part of a building or something is
also included or with the intention of encircling any land or place and
markings and external display structures, or by a wall. For example- home,
factory, shopping mall, hospital, etc.
Types of buildings:
Buildings can be load
bearing masonry buildings, buildings with RCC or steel framed structures. There
are many different types of buildings. Such as-
- Residential buildings,
- Schools, colleges and universities,
- Mosques, churches, temples,
- Hospital,
- Factories, workshops,
- Mall etc.
Basic Components and Building Parts
Building components or
parts are essential materials for building construction works. All buildings
are built with similar components such as foundations, walls, floors, rooms and
roofs. Buildings require paint, plasters, supplied electricity, and decorating
or renovation to properly complete doors and windows fittings, fencing and
other exterior tasks. All these works are called building services.
A building has three
basic requirements and components.They are :-
- Foundation
- Plinth
- Superstructure
A
brief explanation of these basic parts of a building is given below:
Foundation
Foundation is the most
important building construction work. The load of buildings depends on the
foundation which is the strength of the buildings. It is a type of
sub-structure. The foundation can be divided into two categories such as
Shallow and Deep Foundation. The terms shallow and deep indicate the depth of
the foundation in the soil. For example shallow foundations used for small and
light buildings such as a small or medium-sized house, small shopping centers,
etc. and deep foundations used for heavy and large buildings such as high
buildings, huge shopping malls, large hospitals and universities, etc.
Generally shallow foundations can be built at depths of 3ft (1m) and deep
foundations at 60–200ft (20–65m).
There
are different types of foundations in building construction:
- Strip Foundation (shallow foundation)
- Footing Foundation (shallow foundation)
- Pad Foundation (shallow foundation)
- Grillage Foundation (shallow foundation)
- Raft Foundation (shallow foundation)
- Pile Foundation (deep foundation)
- Pier Foundation (deep foundation)
- Cassian Foundation (deep foundation)
Depending on the different
types of foundations, workers use different types of building materials, for
example, in beam work - pile foundation is used.
Read : What is Foundation - Its types and criteria where to be applied?
Functions of Foundation:
- Load distribution
- Provide firm and level surface
- Protection against soil movement
- Reduction in load intensity
- Reducing differential settlement
- Protection against sliding and turning
- Safety in case of undermining
Plinth
The plinth is the
portion between the ground surface and floor space above the ground of a
building. The plinth opposes the entry of rain water and insects inside the
building. The height of the common plinth is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120 cm.
Superstructure
Superstructure is built above the underground level. The space between the underground level and the ground level is known as the plinth. In this structure, walls and rooms are constructed and loads are transferred from the upper part to the subtype. In this section, a building has the following components:
Floor structures
It is an important part
of building construction. It is located on the lower level surface of a room.
Floors can be decorated in various ways. For example, there are floors to move
around. Walking from room to room.
Roof structures
It is located on the
upper-level surface of all rooms. Depending on the weather, roofs can be of
different categories, such as - blue roof, cold roof, collar roof, fabric roof,
domestic roof, fiber cement, flat roof, green roof, pitched roof , Mono-pitched roof, warm
roof, shell roof, metal roof, roof tiles, skillion roof, etc. Most of the time,
flat roof, domestic ceilings roof and fiber cement roofs are used in building
construction purposes.
Lintel, Sunshade and Parapet
The lintel beam is
provided near the opening to bare the load coming from the superstructure above
the doors or windows. Lintels can be steel lintels, reinforced brick lintels,
stone lintels, wood lintels, etc.
Sunshade is a kind of
slab, made on top of windows and doors. It protects doors and windows from the
scorching heat of rain and sunlight. Depending on their condition, sunshades
can be internal, external, and inter-pane. Internal sun-shading protects
against solar radiation and balances the availability of useful daylight; For
example- curtain and Venetian blind, roller blind, pleated blind, blackout
binds, etc. External shading may be horizontal, vertical or egg-crate device. External
sunshades are considered better for protecting the building from weather or
climate change. Sunshades maintain a comfortable indoor temperature and reduce
solar radiation and weather coolness, which dramatically affect energy
performance.
The parapet is a low
wall built above the roof that usually extends around the perimeter of a
building. A parapet wall can be constructed around balconies or on the sides of
roofs and stairs.
Door and windows
Doors between rooms
provide a connecting link, allowing free movement from room to room. Windows
provide in the walls act as openings. Doors and windows provide lighting,
smooth sound of outdoor spaces and ventilation. Undoubtedly, provide both
security and privacy. Different buildings have doors of different sizes; For
example — the doors of the residential buildings are completely different from
the doors of industrial buildings. There are different types of doors that
engineers and architecture use in building construction.
Keeping
in mind the material used:
1. wooden door
2. Metal Door
3. UPVC Door
Keeping
in mind the mechanism and usage:
1. Sliding Door
2. Composite Door
3. Swing door
4. Revolving door
5. Folding Door
There
are also different types of windows such as:
1. Fixed
2. Pivoted
3. Double Hung
4. Sliding
5. Casement
6. Sash
7. Louvered
8. Metal
9. Bay
10. Corner window
11. Dormer window
12. Enable window
13. Lantern
14. Skylight
Walls and columns
The walls are building blocks
of bricks or stones of any form. They divide the construction or building space
into various beams and slabs of different support space in the rooms. They
safely transmit the load on them from beams and slabs to the foundation. They
provide privacy and protection shield against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust
winds. Walls can be brick masonry walls and stone masonry walls.
The columns are
vertical members with beams and slabs / roof supports. The columns may be
square, rectangular and circular in shape.
Building work –Finishing work
The closing appearance
of a building depends on such functions. Such as:
• Plastering and
pointing.
• Kitchen Setup.
• Painting walls.
• Furnished wooden
doors and woodwork.
• Oiling and painting
grillwork and metal-work.
• Performs the position
and maintenance of lifts and stairs.
Construction building services
There are other
building services after construction, which are also counted as building
components. Such as services of water supply, power supply, drainage, and
sanitation supplies, internal closets and cupboards.
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